تاریخ
دین او فکر
Religious history, scholars, beliefs and ideas.
د دین او فکر لیکنې
- Deobandi madrasas among the Pashtuns and Darul Uloom HaqqaniaThe Deoband school of 1867 sent teachers to the Pashtun country, and Maulana Abdul Haq, a Deoband teacher, founded Darul Uloom Haqqania at Akora Khattak in 1947. Several Taliban leaders studied there, and the seminary and its critics dispute what that means.
- Hindus and Sikhs of the Pashtun lands: neighbours, traders and exilesHindu and Sikh traders, bankers and physicians lived in Pashtun towns for centuries, protected as hamsaya by local tribes. Most of Afghanistan's community has left since 1992; in Pakistan the 2009 jizya evictions and the 2020 Karak mob tested the custom.
- How Islam came to the Pashtuns: tradition and the recordPashtun tradition has Qais Abdur Rashid accept Islam from the Prophet himself. The Arab, Persian and Ghaznavid records show Kabul and Ghor still holding out for centuries, and the hill country turning Muslim slowly, mostly after the year 1000.
- Islam and Pashtunwali: where they meet and where they differPashtuns see their code as part of Islam, and Ahmed's Mohmand informants admitted the code broke it over women's inheritance. Swara, badal and the Taliban's decrees are where the two systems have openly collided.
- Pashto religious literature: from the Khair al-Bayan to Pashto tafsirsThe oldest surviving Pashto books are religious: Bayazid Ansari's Khair al-Bayan and Akhund Darweza's Makhzan, written against each other in the sixteenth century. Teaching verse, Quran commentaries, Rahman Baba's Sufi poems and the naat followed, printed mostly at Peshawar.
- Religion among Pashtuns: Islam, Sufism and the RoshaniyyaNearly all Pashtuns are Hanafi Sunni Muslims, with Shia communities in Kurram and Orakzai. Village religion runs through mullahs, sayyids and saints' shrines, and the sharpest conflict was the sixteenth-century struggle between Pir Roshan and Pir Baba's orthodox party.
- Shia Pashtuns: the Turi, Bangash and Orakzai, and their neighboursAlmost all Pashtuns are Sunni. The Turi of Kurram are the only wholly Shia Pashtun tribe, and some Bangash and Orakzai clans in Kohat, Hangu and Tirah are Shia too; Sunni and Shia Pashtuns have lived together for centuries and fought bitterly since the 1980s.
- Sufi orders among the Pashtuns: Naqshbandi, Qadiri, Chishti and RoshaniyyaFour Sufi orders met in the Pashtun country (Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi, Qadiri, Chishti, Suhrawardi), and the Roshaniyya began there. Pirs usually held several chains at once, and the Akhund of Swat's own order is given three different ways.
- The village mosque, the imam and the mullah in Pashtun villagesA Pashtun village mosque is run by one unordained man, the mullah, who leads prayers, teaches children the Quran and prays over the dead, and was paid in grain and zakat by the village. His standing was modest until a crisis, and since 1979 he has gone to madrasas and taken government posts.
- Ziarats, shrines and the urs: saints' graves in Pashtun lifeA ziarat (زیارت) is a saint's grave and the visit to it. Almost every Pashtun village graveyard had one, and the great shrines hold a yearly urs. Deobandi scholars allow a visit but forbid the urs; militants bombed Rahman Baba's tomb on 5 March 2009.