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Chronology

The archive, in order of time.

Every milestone from published articles in one list. Filter by subject, and open the article behind each one.

Subject

152 milestones

1300–1399
1. 1383
  Timur captures Kandahar
  Timur takes the city during his conquest of Sistan.
  From the article: Kandahar: an oasis city and its long history
1400–1499
1. c. 1480–1490
  Massacre of the Yusufzai maliks
  According to Yusufzai chronicles retold by Caroe, Ulugh Beg kills about 700 Yusufzai maliks at a banquet in Kabul; only six escape. Caroe dates it between 1480 and 1490.
  From the article: The Yusufzai: the Pashtun tribe of Swat, Buner and the Mardan plain
1500–1599

1505

Babur describes Nangarhar

Babur, on his first journey from Kabul into India, describes Nangarhar and its differences from Kabul.

From the article: Jalalabad: the valley between Kabul and the Khyber

1519

Babur marries Bibi Mubarika

Babur marries the daughter of the Yusufzai malik Shah Mansur to conciliate the tribe.

From the article: The Yusufzai: the Pashtun tribe of Swat, Buner and the Mardan plain

1522

Babur takes Kandahar

Babur finally brings Kandahar under his control after earlier attempts.

From the article: Kandahar: an oasis city and its long history

1539

Battle of Chausa

Sher Khan defeats the Mughal emperor Humayun on the Ganges below Benares.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

1540

Battle near Kannauj; Sher Shah rules Delhi

A second defeat of Humayun leaves Sher Khan master of Delhi, where he takes the title Sher Shah and rules until 1545.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

1541

Rohtas fort begun

Sher Shah orders the construction of the great fort at Rohtas, on the Jhelum, according to UNESCO after his defeat of Humayun.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

1543

Humayun turned away from Kandahar

Humayun, after his defeats by Sher Shah, fails to find refuge at Kandahar and goes to Safavid Iran.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

1545

Death of Sher Shah at Kalinjar

Sher Shah dies in an accidental gunpowder explosion at the siege of Kalinjar fort.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

1555

End of Suri rule

The Mughals return to north India, ending the brief period of Afghan Suri rule begun in 1540.

From the article: Sher Shah Suri: the Afghan who drove the Mughals out of Delhi

Mid-1580s

Defeat of Akbar's army in the Karakar

Raja Birbal and about 8,000 men of Akbar's army are killed in the passes between Swat and Buner.

From the article: The Yusufzai: the Pashtun tribe of Swat, Buner and the Mardan plain

1600–1699

1610
Gardens built at Nimla
Jahangir builds gardens at Nimla, about 25 miles south-west of Jalalabad.
From the article: Jalalabad: the valley between Kabul and the Khyber
1613
Khushal Khan Khattak born
The Khattak chief and Pashto poet is born.
From the article: Pashto literature and oral poetry: from the Roshani writers to the landay
1622
Shah Abbas takes Kandahar
Safavid Shah Abbas I captures the city after a siege of five to six weeks.
From the article: Kandahar: an oasis city and its long history
April 1664
Khushal Khan arrested by Aurangzeb
Khushal Khan Khattak is arrested and held in India for more than two years, where he writes many poems.
From the article: Pashto literature and oral poetry: from the Roshani writers to the landay
1672
The Afridi destroy a Mughal army
The Afridi annihilate a Mughal army in the Khyber Pass and capture its baggage train; the pass stays closed for two years.
From the article: The Afridi: Pashtun tribe of the Khyber and Tirah
1672
Khushal Khan joins the tribal rebellion
He resigns his Mughal rank and joins the Afridi and Mohmand rebel confederacy against the Mughals.
From the article: Pashto literature and oral poetry: from the Roshani writers to the landay
1689
Khushal Khan Khattak dies
The poet dies at the age of about 76.
From the article: Pashto literature and oral poetry: from the Roshani writers to the landay

1700–1799

1704
Gorgin Khan governs Kandahar
Shahnavaz Khan, known as Gorgin Khan and King George XI of Kartli, is appointed Safavid governor of Kandahar.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1706
Mir Wais loses his caravan post
Mir Wais, head of the Hotak tribe and mayor of Kandahar, is relieved of his post as caravan watchman.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1709
Hotak revolt in Kandahar
A Ghilzai uprising led by Mir Wais frees southern Afghanistan from Safavid control.
From the article: The Ghilzai: a major Pashtun confederation
1709
Uprising in Kandahar
Gorgin Khan is killed and Ghilzai Afghans under Mir Wais free southern Afghanistan from Safavid control.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1709
Hotak revolt
Mir Wais Hotak overthrows Safavid rule in Kandahar.
From the article: Kandahar: an oasis city and its long history
October 1711
Safavid army retreats
A Safavid force under Kaykhosrow is forced to retreat from Kandahar; Kaykhosrow and many soldiers are killed.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1713
Mir Wais takes Zamindawar
Mir Wais extends his territory to the Helmand valley province of Zamindawar.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1715
Death of Mir Wais
Mir Wais dies; his brother Abd al-Aziz briefly succeeds him.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
1722
Fall of Isfahan
Ghilzai forces under Mahmud Hotak take the Safavid capital.
From the article: The Ghilzai: a major Pashtun confederation
8 March 1722
Battle of Gulnabad
The Afghan army defeats a larger Safavid army at Gulnabad, near Isfahan.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738
23 October 1722
Isfahan falls
After a six-month siege the Safavid capital surrenders to Mahmud Hotak.
From the article: The Hotak dynasty: Ghilzai rule from Kandahar to Isfahan, 1709–1738

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